Ordination of Hiliary of Poitiers 14th century Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France français 185, fol. 211r

The Big Picture 1. Gratian: Populus and Clergy had a role. 2. Lateran Councils limit populus and religious; Cathedral Chapters prevail. 3. Innocent III: The cathedral chapter elects a worthy local candidate, with even a minority of electors. 4. Canonists accept legitimacy of a bishop-elect from another church 5. Boniface VIII: The pope judges in all disputed elections (not negligence)