Saint Omer, Bibliothèque muncipale 453, fol. 10r Bishop Gratian teaching Elisabeth F. Vodola, "Legal Precision in the Decretist Period: A Note on the Development of the Glosses on De consecratione with Reference to the Meaning of cautio sufficiens," Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law 6 (1976) 55-63

Medieval Meanings of Ius commune 1. Universal Legal Principles and Rights 2. Universal Legal Concepts or Rules 3. Jurisprudential norms 4. Customary legal norms 5. "Constitutional" (Status) norms Ius commune did NOT mean: 1. Roman Law 2. Canon Law 3. Canon and Roman Law (ius utrumque) 4. Ius positivum Henry Ansgar Kelly: "It <ius commune> always refers to general as opposed to particular Law"  "Medieval Jus commune versus/uersus Modern Ius commune; or Old 'Juice' and New Use," Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress of Medieval Canon Law, Washington, D.C. 1-7 August 2004.  Edd.  Uta-Renate Blumenthal, Kenneth Pennington, and Atria A. Larson.  Monumenta iuris canonici, Series C: Subsidia 13.  Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 2008) 377-406 at 405-406