Gratian, Decretum C.15 ca. 1300

Avignon, Bibliothèque de la ville 659, fol. 189v

vel propter sufficientia indicia propter quae ad torturam pro veritate exquirenda procedi valeat

Minnich, COGD 1396, lines 220-2222

Pennington ATorture and Fear: Enemies of Justice,@ Rivista internazionale di diritto comune 19 (2008) 203-242

Henry Ansgar Kelly, AJudicial Torture in Canon Law and Church Tribunals: From Gratian to Galileo,@ The Catholic Historical Review 101 (2015) 754-793