Gratian, Decretum C.15,

 Avignon, Bibliothèque de la ville 659, fol. 189v

Gratian, Decretum C.15

Amiens, Bibliothèque municipale 355, fol. 208v

Henry Ansgar Kelly, “Judicial Torture in Canon Law and Church Tribunals:  From Gratian to Galileo,” The Catholic Historical Review 101 (2015) 754-793