Saint Omer, Bibliothèque muncipale 453, fol. 10r Bishop Gratian teaching "I hope this survey of the canonistic uses of 'ius commune' in the Middle Ages justifies my conclusion that it always refers to general as opposed to particular law." Kelly, "Medieval Jus commune" pp. 405-406

Medieval Meanings of Ius commune 1. Universal Legal Principles and Rights 2. Universal Legal Concepts or Rules 3. Jurisprudential norms 4. Customary legal norms 5. "Constitutional" (Status) norms Ius commune did NOT mean: 1. Roman Law 2. Canon Law 3. Canon and Roman Law (ius utrumque) Henry Ansgar Kelly, "Medieval Jus commune versus/uersus Modern Ius commune; or Old 'Juice' and New Use," Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress of Medieval Canon Law, Washington, D.C. 1-7 August 2004.  Edd.  Uta-Renate Blumenthal, Kenneth Pennington, and Atria A. Larson.  Monumenta iuris canonici, Series C: Subsidia 13.  Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 2008) 377-406