Edward Douglass White (Photo 1904) 1845-1921 Associate Justice Supreme Court 1894-1910 Chief Justice 1910-1921 Photo by Frances Benjamin Johnston 1864-1952

The Maxim enters American Jurisprudence in 1894 Coffin v. U.S. 156, 432, 455 Cited William Best, On Presumptions (1844) Justinian's Roman law, Decretals of Popes Innocent III (†1216) and Gregory IX († 1239) Giuseppe Mascardi († 1585), De probationibus Pennington, AInnocent Until Proven Guilty: The Origins of a Legal Maxim,@ A Ennio Cortese (3 Volumes. Roma: Il Cigno Galileo Galilei Edizioni,  2001) 3.59-73