Codex Gisle Osnabrück, Archiv des Bischföliches Generalvikariat 101, p. 141

Hippolitus de Marsiliis (Bologna, 1450-1529) Consilia in quibus fere continentur quae ad reorum defensiones, hominiumque a calumnijs inocentiam tuendam necessaria sunt (Venice: 1573) Consilia 101 & 102 Rights of citizenship Leo the Jew was accused of having sex with a Christian prostitute Francesa twice.  Should the penalty be death, a lesser corporal punishment, or a monetary fine? Hippolitus wrote in Consilium 101: "Jews participate with us in human society"(Iudaei in humanis actibus nobiscum participant) "Jews if guilty must be punish according to the statutes of the city that apply to citizens and inhabitants (Iudaei si delinquunt debent puniri secundum statuta civitatis punientia cives et incolas) "I conclude that Leo should be absolved, liberated from prison" (qui tam de iuris rigore quam de aequitate venit absolendus, liberandus, et a carceribus relaxandus, et ita concludo) Consilium 102: The papal governor of Bologna decided that the Christian prostitute gave enough evidence to torture Leo Francesca's testimony cannot be admitted because she is a woman who cannot testify in a criminal case . . . because she is a prostitute and thus is "infamis" and because she has already given false testimony Marco Cavina, "Marsili, Ippolito,"  Dizionario dei giuristi italiani (secc. XII-XX), edd. Birocchi,  Ennio Cortese, Antonello Mattone, Marco Nicola Miletti (2 vols. Bologna 2013) 2.1328-1330